What is an impulse turbine? How do we calculate hydraulic efficiency and mechanical efficiency of an impulse turbine? The following important points may be noted for impulse turbines:
(a) The hydraulic efficiency of an impulse turbine is the ratio of the workdone on the wheel to the energy of the jet.
(b) The hydraulic efficiency of an impulse turbine is maximum when the velocity of wheel is one-half the velocity of jet of water at inlet.
(c) The maximum hydraulic efficiency of an impulse turbine is given by
![maximum hydraulic efficiency of an impulse turbine maximum hydraulic efficiency of an impulse turbine](data:image/png;base64,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)
(d) The mechanical efficiency of an impulse turbine is the ratio of the actual work available at the turbine to the energy imparted to the wheel.
(e) The overall efficiency of an impulse turbine is the ratio of the actual power produced by the turbine to the energy actually supplied by the turbine.
(f) The width of the bucket for a Pelton wheel is generally five times the diameter of jet.
(g) The depth of the bucket for a Pelton wheel is generally 1.2 times the diameter of jet.
(h) The number of buckets on the periphery of a Pelton wheel is given by,
(a) The hydraulic efficiency of an impulse turbine is the ratio of the workdone on the wheel to the energy of the jet.
(b) The hydraulic efficiency of an impulse turbine is maximum when the velocity of wheel is one-half the velocity of jet of water at inlet.
(c) The maximum hydraulic efficiency of an impulse turbine is given by
(d) The mechanical efficiency of an impulse turbine is the ratio of the actual work available at the turbine to the energy imparted to the wheel.
(e) The overall efficiency of an impulse turbine is the ratio of the actual power produced by the turbine to the energy actually supplied by the turbine.
(f) The width of the bucket for a Pelton wheel is generally five times the diameter of jet.
(g) The depth of the bucket for a Pelton wheel is generally 1.2 times the diameter of jet.
(h) The number of buckets on the periphery of a Pelton wheel is given by,
where D is the pitch diameter of the wheel and d is the diameter of the jet.
(i) The ratio of D / d is called jet ratio.
(i) The ratio of D / d is called jet ratio.
(j) The maximum number of jets, generally, employed on Pelton wheel are six.
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