Constant Pressure or Isobaric Process - When the gas is heated at a constant pressure, its temperature and volume will increase. Since there is a change in its volume, the heat supplied is utilized in increasing the internal energy of the gas, and also for doing some external work. It may be noted that this process is governed by Charles' law.
Now consider m kg of a certain gas being heated at a constant pressure from an initial temperature T1 to a final temperature T2. This process is shown on the p-v diagram in Fig. 5.2.
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
We know that heat supplied to the gas at constant
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Increase in internal energy,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
and work done during the process or by the gas,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Notes:
(a) When the gas is cooled at constant pressure, there will be a compression. The temperature and volume will decrease during cooling and work is said to be done on the gas. In this case,
Heat rejected by the gas,
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAFYAAAASCAIAAABO/b7aAAAKU0lEQVRYhU1Y25JUx5Xt33M4/A1+kp7siAk/OWy/aIw9kixGXAS2wFzGGtQIS4yQROBBEmDuTVuCBrfERW1ooJuuy7lk5r7mzjzlh12UFHGiorviVNZZa6+919q1ZFXKYHWwMqhVzYVZE0lkTZKBNWkhygk1BeoidWSAmkAiSKCcIvVkSBlQE2WI1CcOAVvSlLhP3LdxHLBt+p1J+wIkROoS95E6kNhDm7hP2JMkycgKVgUVIgUy1iHnWcmD5cEgIxlxYalSZ6XOSqlWqmbjPKhW02o6mM2KzUqemVYVI1SQKjpYHoyMyAg1SUUtJJUpIyrqkJfKYFbVrzoUVkQOERqgPkLjdHTQJAltmvTYJu7RgApG7iEnf0WDJAENOmgi90lCkhC5D9R10PhrmyaBujZNgHrWFKHpwzikaYQmQkMS1bAMkjj22ENGnZnOTIasM4OMkBGNdGZOgVXNRYAiFYaMSQGN8lCkZp0ZGkWOkSNX4SpoBBmTJMiQcgc5Jg1U2N9fKoMNszrMap2VMlguooYJO9aUC+VCWrCJY8jQpoljQwM0CNQ5Tn91wJBTkpA0+tVj67CnYdSmiRPk5CIHoB6oV0OgXjJYZaeAi8iQZcg2qzqYc8FVIKP+oGBWlBXRyHFyFb9ZhkyFk6QOuqTg9DmDaBi1gxyT9FRYB4scl6yq85qL+NG5sFOghlaZNAbqHCoaeNmpYI9t0ujv99guFDENo8h90uhcOP5pGDVxHKgL1KkhSQTqSSJyUEPkkAs5BajglZSatajUrIPpMKeAjOrw/dMCxUBhAZIKU2GuQoW5SKS5EPy0pJA0djiCHJNGvzMpLDnsMph3RBlsMQ7UMBciTV7JHls0gJwW8Lz+VHDRGkljE8c9tlTQr0Cdk+Xa0UHKIJKBJFph1lQHdbmVQepMtSoXQSPMJDWTsVajwmSMimikxrlILqLGJBA5eoXJWAeTIedZkSFzEakZjfzNeS9ojNrqwGjJmUKjpVJtIQRnoevHd+5cW7n55a2Vi8gRODhy1wJX4kJaJVeWypQT5cQFKSfKgBopAxrIwEnjnJ0MZMiFcmWtUgatg1rlOmidWRmkVC2DlEHrzPJgWlWHvD169nzrcZe6y1f+dvHi2avXv7h+8wIpqrFk8isX0ap5VvLM8vyzpkOetKNHG+tf377xaOObb769LVXIaGeyzYUoRzHIg2hhqaIzW3Lw8xlTNMRm129/vf1ikxX/76MTd++skELSGKgbt9veAlZZDQF7kkgcSaJmZJk3jlR2UXAlKoiaRMF1no00YxnMilrROhSrWqpZUau6GEkuzFMnj6fUPd18OJ5sHz60d339q5UbF0mgDObVWjz24oN1VpCSKB16d89o9OzHP/nReLx1+NBeViSBu3dWbq1cKlVYk1X2vhN3hO8pqLp84siN61+SAAlcvPDZtaufc0YZ2C8u5BS4ellShCbEyb17K2c/PfnF+dNfnD/93b/+SYZk8+5Ajaxp7fa1G9c/P3f21Gj89NTJ432YqrFV3dp6fP7c6cOH9u6MnnkzSiaruvFo/dTJ4655NT7wzlulmmRSY5/fP3zmuZ29nGhqrMb37q3u3fM6K871YpJNfvnL/whxkgtZYUchQ14KsfHvdjt45dWfbm0/YUVW3LXrNxsb6yhJKrv+uRAaIAeS6Ffb7QD15//24b49//XZJ8sn3//ztw++9qHgKqCckMOli5/u3fP7v5489sHykWNHDyAnUYrQ79v7Rt9Px+MtVvQ2RE6sePzYwdXVy1bUAezf96bjVGPNbFUlkyhZ0VykDJYwzFFUy0VY8bNPPtgZPeOXjZNNcpH9+958/HjdZ5wLU4a8hJwWFGjmn/3slfF4iwTOnzv9x4P/DRTH0+1AnXjnG3Zpurp6KcSJZMiFWBNySKkZT55PJ1uT6VYTxj755r2QQTL8z/EDXT/av+/1lJqPTr3HgmrcNKOT7x9V45DaRXsDRc387sG3//GPK8hJjdfWVj5YPpaLWNG2GwNGl8Pa2sqtW3+/dfPSzRsXtrYezyEYu44OHtgNFFmRlUjADz98aM93j9Y0o09fq6wzW5JM36vA5OqV/z9yeP/yiSNnPl5OGEJqL18+9+TZA8oAErnQvW9Wz5099Yc/vOZOLhmQg2YUBZ/zpGmRHbgS5cQKhw+9TRz/970/SYY33nhtNH5+5M/7E4Zf/eoXu3f/bnX1MnLKRUq1CH0usr29efL9o5q57cavvPrTc2c/dGGurl5+eH9NlFhRlNwaFloogyEnpAQU33zzNVHMxofe3fPzn7/atCPN/Kc/vr25eX8+mArlQklhKUnQQagg5EQZrl7/fO++11dXLz17+nB9fbUP41s3Lzx7utF249H4+WT6IqT23vrqlWvnO2g8+U36nUUE8vj0w4DkE3SRqTwvRe5BosdKq6qZHz24e+bj5Q//+petnSduoqfPnOih7eIEqPccFdL0/v2v767fcoulgv6HDDwfvQbIiQQ2Nu5+ffsyaY8SkNOZj5cffHvnyZP7b+3etZhTXEkHmXQvljpo5lavMXGYdjvXrp1/663//MuxA223M548v3njy8f/+vbevdWPPnzvwhefNu3o8pVz026nh7bH1olwy/B05BHQYfjh7qkdNE0ce0DSQZwLHaRUSxA2Nx8+ffrd0SPvjJotj57jZvvu+q2AbUhT5IAcQpz88+7K7bs3FjnNE2qSIANDTjKwz79sZJVYe+SQMHz11dUQmzMfL7OiDiIDL7JME8dLbZosQo6jith5hgXqu350586159sbAaacY8Rmbe3aeycOfXnpU4eUJEz6nQ6aSffCJeD/enD0vWChBc/RXjrPlFRQMycMR4+8c/v29QcP1jxNuI4i9z1Mt7Y2+jDu+lHCbn19df3+VyAxcr/IaYtgzpVIQI3LILmgVQDq9+194+CB3ZubD4GiGutMHL8/UpsmSwtxet0gp/QyujoFCZs+jVB64K5PY86xTZMe2oDzFcif1VcAX4d6bJOEDpppGPmOFLn3Qi0U5wqCnNy0d/321+7E88bR6A0FHNpuhySGNAXq227nxfRZj22k3r9lcaDHNs9LuVCuiNKiBGIgAVbUzKSggzhkn1aR+yUX0qJ10aBP04Sd73MJO5TAOUQcA08TTbQkL6Zj8O3Irw4ap9L/cEZ8cZjjedkUkJNLIGlUY6CYMEgmVgSJXk+u5BQ4+PRSm22agESn3vFDTlwoSaCCKEkyqWEeKFeQnFiQFd0d1Fgqu8pciR00S8SwmCVuY9/XSkLSSAa5EFDni20u5Gk3SSBDb8smjv3EH66J82JyUENfhCWDO0guRBLdUyWTV8l9y7l4WUyxqm5pdSieeXw1cL5ykYTBb5v7fxG3xjKo/wLiludhQav6KuVbQwddoLCUTZxyx8+VFsM2cUgaKYMauuH5LwggsYMGNS348v53dSxkNh/UGSSDZ+eXmOcHuqf6o5OAhx+3Oo9JHvU82DgFnghIIJu4/ztTDt7P8Uy5cHq/zSOT1fnK5Mu4/8rwbxDF89meVDrUAAAAAElFTkSuQmCC)
Decrease in internal energy,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
and workdone on the gas,
![](data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAHUAAAAUCAIAAAA8zuUUAAAOuklEQVRYhW1Z6ZMcxZWff25jYz9thD+sHetYewPHerHlsDGHAxbWK1sGY3OzEhjJIIGEQJbQCQgkeTRidI40IwY0MxoJzdFzdHdVV1WeL9/Lo2o/vO6aCdiIFxXVVVmZ+X75rt/rscoUyhSOtNQDqQfKFAalcqJQmXJCkxK25J/ClnnVba/ClqXOlRN51R3Ifi56wpaVKTRKCZWEqjKF8boyhbClhKrUOYuEyngN0WqUVCMmV5mCB/CKEK3xWqPkVYQtNalC9DVKgwqitcHwDMoJCRXvUKO0wfCGC5XlZZe3xBNiclg73/hYh5CIgot1oODQA9+ERD6ii1iZynirnHIJqQ4uIUSHtbcBMPnURJa6SamJ/FVIVDcp1ZGn8hH5IXoYU04AKh9B20qqHFAZlBplqXMGSznBUFamYHQYr1bzyhR51S1UxrpplBqlJlXq3HitnGAU+KpJCVNKqCxp5QTWjmqUUIE3DC6jb7xmEHkhl8CSbt9qUrwEnyJfeavKCe2kJZ2Vm73Bevu58RprRw2mOvqIDCujYJ1mUCg4l9B4awNo1Fh7iM4GMN5CdC5hi29I1ApjGuvAz/mo2udjEirrJHrDVwPCoORtsYEwXqwY/xS2ZPvKRW8g+4XK2DA1qYHs8/hCZUODQskHo0kVKuM5S53zIfnGs/K8Ip8W1QjRsjcoJypTsGG2yG63dwhWOcED+FAhWIi2tetCZZgcRMv4xjrEOqAHxpTvGWJHlgFlTJVTLiImbwNoMho1puHn/CGDyCbMxhvr4MjyUfF1TNjSgKBgHWkKFlDBaK/b7ai94VcMNNsLv9Wk2pEQrA2Gf249jBaidQlcgvaGasTasVCN/IQapAb5FWPtIvB4G8xwnjichBeiBvkJv+KHNhiXQJNyCTA5qtE3no3LkY1pC6YWEaw9Ju8iYu05PlAd+N4lxDR0fIaYXYFhbYXCVsBJTRzTpLStKFgK1kdwpF20GiWDwgCxbsbrVkmsHRvddhxZPRiNx+QYSgaixZGfuwTUINYOoqUaQ0NDWBvE2oUm8A0PY5QZIE3KxSFejDsfCU/lG4/JUYO8Cn/YHqdLwMGx9WL2aDZeH3GIY+19E6kJWPuhJORA7COmJrYot9Ec0DiyjGxqIvtHquNYZQpJ0qACVFLmb+z+8+rK/KWJj6env+isLp48cUjZYmi5o8DKV/CG3R9QGRAcYRxpR9qAsE5aJwGV4cxDw3OywWgjPz59RKrCgEIP5C16Q8HGGkNyPjpOO6yzI0veObSsA3oQMrt65ZwyBRuECUPnGJ4lGlaVbygAO6V1cnb22pmTh69c/kypAaByqNGbLN8UcpDlm5cmPr1+dXzy6oXpL6+VulROaTLg7TBZReKorW0l9eDe4u2Zmcnl5bm1zj2efHVlQdutxIjJQ3TI8aG0RS77Ug+MFU89+ct+v/PB+/t4im5vpZJ9Tm5tThO25LBbqGwg+wZEUXY7ncVefzUfbFSiL1UuZFZWvUr0e1lHmGEk5WBy8sTh9fUlqct80EUCYwWS4YNxpBlT9MAwGVBCDgCNsWr0RKyuLty4/ndA5UgrJ8CbyhTDiO+0ASV1KVUhdSnVgBGpRP/sJ3+7NH7m/OcfnTh+0DpZVr1OZ/HokXe1rqanL+fZ5ksv/GG5c//kmSMSpEYN0WlQUpe8GTZzIbOJi2du3px4+ulfT09dev753yo1GBSblyfP3vnqhiYjQXJi1GQs6jHlhIkGonWkwalfP/KfUzfG97718tUr56amLhorLCrwWxFgGGpJD22ZlBDZzMzkzK0vbk9PTl0fH+QbgApQTV769OB7bx58782v525yvGZXff21P1FwWlfPPvvf3W7n/Ocf9XqrjgwFGxOGhCEReRcSpTpO3Zg4c+rDXn/tr/te9wHRW/RmMNg8sH93iC4kV1bZpYlPz5z6cPrm5K1bk2y2WbZx+sThM6c+/OrLa8c/em929pq21c6dTxRFd9/eVy6On+Zi9OWXdnU636AHY5VD+8ILuyTIftHVqI23mgyQRQ/kXYhE3oHT1slubyXL1nbufELrYmPjgTJFlq8bEIcO/gWiU04xuBo1kB2DaCVJGwx6Myg2f/jD701PXXr1lWcPH9qrbaVtBaQgWkvDcMz2IqFSIDhBl1Xv2NED+9565aNj7777zu7V1btsWX9586Vub+Xy5NkbNyfabAnR7n9nD6DRVn507OD8/Mypk++XVY+9bOLimfELpz94/+0L505pK0OiXn/tRz/+/sb68sTFT3xEZQR6U5a9Xb9/ykegYNc7S59/fPzO7K07s7c6K/fZ1gyoRx/9+eLi7M6dv7k4fvry5Nmi7O7Y8dAzzzw6+cWnSIa8LaveT37yr5zcfMAb1y4ePfKu8ZYtl8NuJQdCDgZFf319SRnhI4bkHOnDh/ZeOHccUFWiL2SmbWVA7Nn9Z02GizlNxgYAsmPGa0nSeO1IT09NPP3Ur4To79z5RKezaEAAqrn5W5UeaCeVE2pUOTxYnf/w6P5h+akH2lbWSSEzh9qAUKYAVL/73W+0rd5553+7WWdYmZIyXr/+2p98RKnLmZkre3a/mGVrIbkL544jGWWKouxl+WaWbTiyrPw//tM/XL82jgTnPz/xyZm/aVsVZfe1V58jbw0IIYr1zvLa6v0H9+bXOkvGKgPqnbd3X5k8/9qrz09PT+7Y8dDq6t319W+OHT1w587UkcNvS5VbkFm29vDP/p293kf8w66n7y9+VZmqUAM3SnQrnXu3p68sLNxeWLg9KHoUnI/gIzz55C/ZjFhxRxpQfXBo31p3xZLFNEyPsY5jmJyPDr1xpOfmbvJpXBw/zR8bENeunO9nHQNCqYG2lTKFBXl58uy5z46NXzhViX6p80JlCkRlCg7Tyon5xZlHHv/ZwUN75xamuUTl8lbY8r133xgMNq2Tleh3Vu8iGR9g584nOGW1RQvHHxftG3teECIzIDY2l55//rfLy3P9rHPs6AH2EvYtCJaLQvAGvHn4Fw+VOv/VYw+XKv/eD/55Zvbqe4feunz1fF52//jH/5G6tE5rKx97bMfG5ooju7p675FHHi6rTKqi319/9NGfc11sUEN0EuQwXHiLBOvrS7t+/19KlcqIa1fP79jx0IMHXxlT7tv7ilQFV9M+IjO6MYOKDYEPgWF1pNEbZYpK9BcWpvtZZ2VlfmHu1tLSnfn5W8vLc0XZvfD58Y2NB0Jmuei1uY4pU6nzN/a+fGtmUtiyVLmEikkBZ7lef/Xokf35YMOAMCA4Cr380i6pB+iNAtESBOO1T46C5TEGxL69r0iVnzp+aGnpDhtOy4C4HjeomLJb0pvZqka50lmsTLHcudsdrJUqX19fKsq+AQVoFhdnTxx/Hz0M8u439+/kgy4Tjccf/wW7DoYh3aAmQHAQAAmKsr+4OFtWGaDJBxs3b06MXzgFqA7s322d5uQcItVNqps0BtFSsFxRcaVF3gIqrrekHnAVsbq6cPfuzDf3Zycunvly5vI392dPHD+42V0WMuNaIhe9UucD2S913s3XDh95e/bODU7rzIy5CBG2tCAdaWUKLsv4aJ977plK9LWtYMRWmJVhsOhNUXalyk+eOLS8NNfPOhvrD1pTUE5w1mVqzhDzokwahS0ViLa4VEY4stpKcEYZsbBwuyj7PiJ5hx44m/3HT3/sIwIaF51vIodjl5AShUjogetFH1GI7LOzR7N8/dLFj5ce3AE0LZ2rmxTrMEY1MpQMro/AYTck5wNoW62t3ZMq17ZifVgWFqa/nr2+sf5A6kEuepUpsnJzIPtZuck4cinGgHLJ7BIwJ96+lo8AqCjY5eW5SvQBFdXY8i6sna+Rt6RtdeXyZ9PTX5RVzwdAb9AbQMW8gyFuUWbiww0mdikm68KW2kqur7WV1umWJtRNouCQgIL7tx/9Cxu49bCdZdC2JoMjiwR/3ffqc889c+P637NsjcKw6FZG8IQh0ZhLwIxg2HwYCaBSppAq72cdTu4GhNQDTl9CZgYEZ89CZVwatxGA9eGcxkq2rQMuBNldQnKcjhnxIV7BcCTVpJiwMUHgc5UqZ6tnQu+YtkRoOSTTdI4tNhiDSqNUMGwtgTfogfkbl7SpjqmJbVeBeR07eKwDJaIm+CaGJrEwYQtp2BuSKs/ydd6bI902zxjfWIex0IRRv4e7FYjehuQ4/rIImaE3bNGACryBYC1pSxqCwWCcN84b4yQGw7GbglW2sig1CEDjI1J0LCOyv8VQtwtFF+vA15FlxVRHCi4kZNdLDb+iWAdfk6+3Wlk+uZDc8Fqjr4e8C8hQcM7bWIdUbzXAYgqpidyd4Sct3GkEa2rqbRLb8bEOTJ2pDnxtmz78eazD2Hc7FCFhaogtix2TXRhQ+QBx1HbB5LgvFRKyp4fk2Kz4PDgvKVOgh2GZOaLtW4ptkxajVtu208rN1nb331Jy285pRLKBhcKQZ28PBd9qMA4XqocT8kKjXQ3BrZumbpp6hO9WN6cOEB0HaN/E77bWxtpVh1OnEGsKycUafYQQnY/A91zD+Qht14rdkFsHLDyG/Xck0KrBELeatIGPpcV3e+vkW9trgd5uI613+7i1De5V+ei40mK1eentyLIzbdP9/8c31onlW/hynctttm/hyzdjbTMUCUYqoQ/gA8SEjCwFy/mEfZ87kEwWwBtOVtpWITrGlAezRY/CDvmAIdJ3G1dsyxTc3Ne3vvzyOgc+H9AH7GfrSw/mWW2my22/an5+emXlbohDH2/HxIQ+QkzInuQjxhSybOPr2Snmae3JMbKtoIei7DP67TWNYB3JtsBSh2E/c5uQH2ZIHxCciSmM+YicCvkb9MAcn2NC6/VDi0ANnDGc4JQibMmlEr+iYFNNPgAFmxpK9TCs11uZgXzAYZ8/UkgUInFvcGrq0oH9b/BzxqLt6fAfMNsjzMenj9y8calNR/yK+SvvmR2OuxkrK3f37H5x+58LHJR5lZDIgtZW7tn9Ytsd55gWUggpbsd320IUEnFY4OoNa+/Qrqzc9RGnb05yLfx/WeOThKqVE9kAAAAASUVORK5CYII=)
(b) During expansion or heating process, work is done by the gas (i.e. W1-2 is +ve); internal energy of the gas increases (i.e. dU is +ve) and heat is supplied to the gas (i.e. Q1-2 is +ve).
(c) During compression or cooling process, work is done on the gas (i.e. W1-2 is -ve); internal energy of the gas decreases (i.e. dU is —ve) and heat is rejected by the gas (i.e. Q1-2 is -ve).
Now consider m kg of a certain gas being heated at a constant pressure from an initial temperature T1 to a final temperature T2. This process is shown on the p-v diagram in Fig. 5.2.
We know that heat supplied to the gas at constant
Increase in internal energy,
and work done during the process or by the gas,
Notes:
(a) When the gas is cooled at constant pressure, there will be a compression. The temperature and volume will decrease during cooling and work is said to be done on the gas. In this case,
Heat rejected by the gas,
Decrease in internal energy,
and workdone on the gas,
(b) During expansion or heating process, work is done by the gas (i.e. W1-2 is +ve); internal energy of the gas increases (i.e. dU is +ve) and heat is supplied to the gas (i.e. Q1-2 is +ve).
(c) During compression or cooling process, work is done on the gas (i.e. W1-2 is -ve); internal energy of the gas decreases (i.e. dU is —ve) and heat is rejected by the gas (i.e. Q1-2 is -ve).
If work is done by the gas,it must be losing energy.Therefore the work will be -ve one.
ReplyDeleteU=Q-W
So how can the workdone be positive?
Gas loses energy but the system gains that energy and pressure-volume work is done by the system to the surroundings. Any work done by the system to the surroundings is considered positive.
Delete