Efficiency of a Cycle may be defined as the ratio of work done to the heat supplied during a cycle. Mathematically, efficiency of a cycle,
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Since the work done during a cycle is equal to heat supplied minus the heat rejected, the efficiency of a cycle, therefore, may also be expressed as
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
Notes:
1. The efficiency, as given above, is the theoretical efficiency of the cycle. Therefore it is known as theoretical thermal efficiency.
2. It does not take into account the practical losses, which occur in running of the engine.
3. In order to compare the efficiency of the thermodynamic cycles, air is assumed to be the working substance inside the engine cylinder. Moreover, air is assumed to behave as a perfect gas. The efficiency, thus, obtained is known as air standard efficiency. It is also called ideal efficiency.
Since the work done during a cycle is equal to heat supplied minus the heat rejected, the efficiency of a cycle, therefore, may also be expressed as
Notes:
1. The efficiency, as given above, is the theoretical efficiency of the cycle. Therefore it is known as theoretical thermal efficiency.
2. It does not take into account the practical losses, which occur in running of the engine.
3. In order to compare the efficiency of the thermodynamic cycles, air is assumed to be the working substance inside the engine cylinder. Moreover, air is assumed to behave as a perfect gas. The efficiency, thus, obtained is known as air standard efficiency. It is also called ideal efficiency.
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