The atmospheric air exerts a normal pressure upon all surfaces with which it is in contact and it is known as atmospheric pressure. It is also known as barometric pressure. The atmospheric pressure at sea level (above absolute zero) is called standard atmospheric pressure and its value is given as follows :
![](data:image/png;base64,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)
= 10.3 m of water
= 760 mm of Hg
The pressure measured with the help of a pressure gauge is known as guage pressure, in which atmospheric pressure is taken as datum. All the pressure gauges record the difference between the actual pressure and the atmospheric pressure. The actual pressure is known as absolute pressure.
Mathematically
Absolute pressure = Atmospheric pressure + Gauge pressure (Positive)
This relation is used for pressures above atmospheric, i.e. for positive gauge pressure, as shown in Fig. 3.1 (a), For pressures below atmospheric, the gauge pressure will be negative. This negative gauge pressure is known as vacuum pressure. Therefore
Absolute pressure = Atmospheric pressure - Negative gauge pressure or vacuum pressure
This relation is shown in Fig 3.1 (b).
= 10.3 m of water
= 760 mm of Hg
The pressure measured with the help of a pressure gauge is known as guage pressure, in which atmospheric pressure is taken as datum. All the pressure gauges record the difference between the actual pressure and the atmospheric pressure. The actual pressure is known as absolute pressure.
Mathematically
Absolute pressure = Atmospheric pressure + Gauge pressure (Positive)
This relation is used for pressures above atmospheric, i.e. for positive gauge pressure, as shown in Fig. 3.1 (a), For pressures below atmospheric, the gauge pressure will be negative. This negative gauge pressure is known as vacuum pressure. Therefore
Absolute pressure = Atmospheric pressure - Negative gauge pressure or vacuum pressure
This relation is shown in Fig 3.1 (b).
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